Why is steel homogeneous

They are independent of each other, and each complete in itself, containing a system of upright endless chains, which are constantly in motion, to convey the bread from one door of the oven on the second floor of the building, where the breadis introduced, down to a door on the first floor, where it is discharged when sufficiently baked ; the time occupied in its descent being just sufficient for the baking process, which is made continuous for any length of time, by the introduction of new supplies as fast as the discharges take place, the oven being thus kept constantly filled with the bread at progressive stages of the baking process.

While the baking bread is passing down the oven on one side, the cars which have been emptied on the first floor and introduced at another door on the same floor, are passing up through the oven on the opposite side to a door on the second floor, where they are discharged, to be re-loaded and introduced at the first-named door again.

There are four doors in all, two on the first, and two on the second floor. The endless chains of the ovens are made with rails, on which the cars run in and out.

The doors are opened one at a time, at proper intervals, for the admission and exit of the cars, which are drawn into and expelled from the oven, and moved from the discharging to the receiving doors outside the oven all by machinery ; and the only manual labor in the whole establishment is that of loading and unloading the cars.

The oven is built entirely of brick, and the cars on which the bread is baked are, with the exception of light iron frames, made entirely of brick. Of'the advantage of brick ovens it is needless to speak.

The ovens are heated by fires which are tended in the basement of the building. This bakery, which is the property of joint-stock company, composed of some of the most influential men in Philadelphia, is one of the most perfect manufacturing establishments we have ever seen ; and its machinery works with the precision of a clock.

We had the pleasure of witnessing its operation on the opening-day, which was celebrated -last week by a public djeuner within its walls, at which some of the most distinguished men of the city were present ; and in the speeches that were made on this occasion, Mr. Berdan received some very flattering compliments, to which he replied with great feeling and good taste. The oven and kneading machine have both been patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency is this country, nd' in almost every country where patents are granted.

Bakeries on the same principle are now in course of construction in New York, Boston, Baltimore, New Orleans, and other large cities ; and it is hardly venturing too far to predict that similar concerns will be started, and come int. The Tele-stereoscope. The stereoscope is an instrument which, from two pictures taken at different angles, presents to our view objects at a short distance in the solid form.

Common pictures have a flat, dead appearance; stereoscopic pictures stand out in life-like relief. The reason ol this is that, with the stereoscope, each of oui eyes obtains a somewhat different view of the object, and they find the true form of it ou of the two perpective views or pictures taken at different points. If, however, the distance from we view the pictures in the stereoscope is considerable, the eyes are too slow in their action to enable the observer to form a correct.

Ranges of distant mountains generally appear to the n d eye like perpendicular walls attached to the firmament. In the stereoscope, it is possible to combine two perspective views of a landscape taken from two different points iently distant so as to give the ob- erver a correct idea of the real or true forms smbraced in the views.

A stereoscopic pic-ure, therefore, conveys a more perfect repre-lentation of a landscape than an observation made with the naked eye.

It is only by ;hanging positions, and thereby obtaining different perspective views of a landscape, and Dy comparing these views, that an observer is enabled to perfect his observations, and to obtain something like a correct idea of the forms of the objects embracing the scene. If the observer could take different views of a landscape at the same moment, the scene presented to his vision would be charming and ife-like.

But this he cannot do, neither can t be done with the common stereoscope for distant objects ; but in Dingier's Polytechnic Journal, published at Augsburg, Germany, it is stated that this is accomplished by a simple instrument called the "tele-stereoscope," recently invented by M. It consists simply of a smooth board, four feet long, on each end of which a looking glass is fastened perpendicular to its plane, and making an angle of 45, with a line drawn longitudinally through the center of the board.

In the middle of the board, two other smaller looking-glasses are fastened parallel to the first two, and so close together as to enable the observer to look at once with an eye into each. If it is desirable to magnify the object, an opera glass or spectacle lens may be inserted between the eye and the looking-glasses.

By these means the right eye sees the landscape as it appears in the looking-glass at the right end of the board, while the left eye sees it as it appears on the looking-glass at the left end.

The distance of the observer's eyes is increased by these means from about three inches the common distance to four feet, and he thereby obtains a view which as far surpasses stereoscopic photographs as an oil painting excels an engraving. The journal referred to also states that objects distant from one to two miles appear correct in the back ground, and nearer objects very perfect, particularly trees, the limbs and branches of which are distinctly separated, and the whole landscape stands out solid and beautiful.

Last week, at the New York State Arsenal, we were present during a series of experiments with the above fuse. It is a peculiar chemical composition, enclosed in a paper case and wrapped round with cotton, and for land service it is passed through tar to render it impervious to rain and the dampness of the ground, but for submarine purposes it is coated with gutta percha. It is of flat form, and in consequence not so liable to injury as the ordinary round miner's fuse. The fire passes through this fuse at the rate of one mile in four seconds ; and one of the experiments consisted in firing two guns, the one with a length of about fifteen feet of fuse, and the other with about two hundred feet, both lighted at once, and from our position on the steps of tho arsenal, each seemed to go off at the same moment.

The fuse is inserted in the cartridge, and passes through the mouth of the gun to the hand of the gunner, so that an enemy spiking a gun does not render it any more unfit for service than it was before. One man can fire a battery of any number of ns at almost the same instant with this fuse, and it is without doubt a great and valuable addition towards that perfection of the art of war which shall ensure universal peace.

This invention was recently tried with success at W-shington, under the personal direction ofthe Secretary of War. Water in the Sea. If we uld obtain any idea of the water which the sea contains, let us suppose a common and general depth for the ocean ; by computing it at only two hundred fathoms, or the tenth part of a mile, we shall see that there is sufficient water to cover the whole globe to the height of feet ; and if we were to reduce this to one mass, we should find that it would form a globe of more than sixty thousand miles in diameter.

In mines, and during the sinking of artesian wells, it has been constantly observed that, at a certain distance from the surface, a point is attained at which the heat of summer anl the cold of winter produce no effect upon the temperature; and beyond this point the heat augments in a regular ratio of 1 Fah.

It is true that this increase of heat is not uniform in every part of the earth, as it differs in different strata at the same depth from the surface, but this variation is so small as not to affect the general rule. Reasoning from this data, geologists naturally conclude that at the depth of say , feet, the temperature must be 3,—a heat which must keep all the materials in the center of the earth in a state of fusion.

It is, therefore, taught by many, that the center of the earth is a fiery mass, and that the globe's solid crust does not amount to more than a fiftieth part of its diameter. But if this is a law or rule regarding the solid parts of the earth, the contrary seems to be the case with the fluid portions of it.

Berryman, U. He says :— "Five hundred miles north of Bermuda we found the greatest reliable depth ever obtained, it being over four miles; and accompanying this were thermometrical observations of a singular character, indicating phenomena never before discovered or conceived, and which at this moment are an unsolved problem to the scientific world.

In a long series of experiments the temperature was indicated as existing ten, fifteen, and twenty degrees below the freezing point. This may be owing to the defective instruments ; but if so, a consistency of error was preserved almost beyond tlie possibility of chance.

There must have been some defect in the instruments referred to, which indicated an ocean temperature below the freezing-point, or else the stratum of fluid reached at the great depth mentioned was not common salt water, but some other fluid, incapable of freezing, except at a much lower temperature. We do not believe, however, that any such fluid exists where these deep sea soundings were taken. T ie Vine Disease. This disease, which has ruined the crops of the vine-growing countries of Europe, is at last conquered.

Kyle, a Scotch gardener, has discovered that the application of sulphur to the plant is an effectual preventive and remedy. This first prize has been divided between Messrs.

Barral, in his report to the Council, makes the following remark :—" It was England who inoculated the vine disease into Europe, but it is remarkable that it was in that country that it was most perfectly studied by Mr. Berkeley,-and again in the llame country that a cure was discovered by Mr. It is not enough that our soil is so rich that it will grow luxuriantly without much oare.

We yet ought to pay atten-' tion to it to produce still more luxuriance. Maury, who has been physically incapacitated for naval service by a broken leg, having been' restored to rank by the Naval Courts, other officers now demand that he either be sent to sea, or got out of the way of their promotion by resignation. Maury is an ornament to his country, and we rejoice that he has been restored to rank by the Naval Courts, and that he will neither resign nor get out of the way, to make room, perchance, for some lazy, worthless fellow, who might disgrace the American navy.

Maury has done more to promote nautical science than any man now living, and hence we urge that he should be retained just so long as he lives. If he is incapacitated to do physical service because of a lame leg, his head is not broken, and by the aid of its workings he can do quite as much as can those who would supplant him, by the combined power of their legs and all their other qualifications.

Nelson, when he achieved his greatest victory, was blind of an eye, and had only one arm. The Stubborn " Leviathan. We wait with patience for the period when we can say, "like leviathan afloat, lay her bulwarks on the brine. No less than three hydraulic rams, one powerful windlass, and the double chains which drag the vessel towards the river have all been burst or broken.

She still sticks on her ways, at two-thirds the distance from where she was built. Just think of one million of dollars being expended upon launching this monster! What in the name of common sense possessed its builders to construct her at such a distance from the water?

At their first meeting in Paris, on the 16th of November last, they were presented with a full account of the submarine tunnel to connect England and France, by the designer, M. Thom6 de Gamond, and after an animated discussion it obtained their approval.

Many inventions were then exhibited, such as a watch which will give the correct hour at any meridian, a way-measurer for vehicles, and many articles of vertu, and interest.

We look with great hope to the future of this society, comprising, as it does, among its members, the chiefs and subordinates of a scientific literature which is the most purely scientific, although not perhaps, the most practical, existing in any country in the world. The St. Louis Mo. Republican states that a party has just recently returned to that city from an exploring expedition in a wild region known by the above appellation. It is a vast country of movable sands, sterile, bleak and inhospitable.

There are small streams at remote distances in it, upon which there is spare vegetation ; sufficient, however, for the subsistence of the Indians' horses and some buffalo. It must ever be the home of nomadic tribes, who wander about like those of the wild wastes of Asia in search of the small patches of pasturage which are fructified by the irrigation of distant rivulets. This country has been supposed to be fertile from its geographical position and its appearance upon the map, but it proves to be wholly otherwise.

The party consisted of sixty men, and the Sioux, who are numerous there, forbid the return of any more white men. They said that this party might pass, because it was the first, but no others must come, as they scared away their game, and would discover their strongholds and hiding-places.

Quack Names for Burning Fluids. A correspondent writing to us from Fall River, Conn. We have had other inquiries of a similar character relating to a fluid called "Excelsior Oil.

The quality of the oil will thus become an advertisement to the manufacturers, and incite them to make improvements, in order to excel one another in producing the best and cheapest article.

This is not all. The very bones are hollow, from which air pipes are conveyed to the most solid parts of the body, even into the quills and featEei's. The air being rarified by the heat of their body, adds to their levity. Is steel homogeneous or heterogeneous pure substance or mixture? Is an element and a compound heterogeneous? Is a sandwich a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture? Is steel alloy a compound or an element or a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture?

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